Affirmative Action :: essays research papers

World War One  Account for the feelings of hostility towards the Austria-hungry Empire by Serb nationalists in 1914:  Austria was what stood in the way of progress of the Serbian nation. Serbia was a direct threat to the survival of the multinational Austrian Empire and for that reason Austria felt it necessary to thwart Serbia’s plans for growth and development. The Serbs desired more land, especially a coastline with an all important sea port, Austria denied them this by, in the peace treaty of 1912, creating a new country between Serbia and the coast, Albania. Austria also had Imperial control over several Slavic states, to which she denied national self-determination. The annexation of Bosnia and Herzegovina by Austria in 1908, and the subsequent threat of war by the Empire had also been a major factor in creating the hostility between the two sides.  Assess the extent to which Germany provoked the war of 1914:  The Actions and policies of Germany before 1914 were largely provocative towards the other powers of Europe and thus a major factor in the build-up to war. With the Accent of a new Kaiser, Kaiser William II to the throne and the retirement of Chancellor Bismarck Germany embarked on a series of aggressive reforms and developments to her foreign policies. Kaiser Bill himself was threatening to the other leaders. His proud, militarist and power-hungry features, caused him to be viewed in a questionable light and the policies he instigated for Germany caused the same reaction. Central to the foreign policies of Germany was Weltpolitik (world policy), which involved the move from a continental power to a world power through colonial and naval expansion. Chancellor Bismarck had prevented Germany from threatening the other Empires by her foreign policies but it wasn’t long before Germany’s determination for a ‘place in the sun’ drew the attention of Britain and France. Her aggressive grabs for colonial acquisitions, her rapid naval expansion and increasing military strength were seen as, not only a direct threat to their own individual positions within Europe but as an attempt at world domination, particularly as Germany’s international position was already strong. This created enormous tension that spread through all other nations and caused them to alter their own foreign policies and military status in answer to the threat from Germany. Thus Germany was largely responsible for the stress of the arms race and desperate desires for colonial expansion in the other powers, which created tension that largely, contributed to the outbreak of war in 1914

Christy :: essays research papers

r Christy came upon strange and unusual conflicts in her situations that were fresh and new to her. These conflicts were so traumatic that she felt if better to leave than to stay in the unfamiliarity of the Appalachian culture. I've also experienced feelings of quitting a situation. Like Christy, I was called to sing a solo in my church choir. If I had run from my situation, I wouldn't have had the experience of singing in front of a group. I also had to ask myself the question, "What am I doing this for?" Finally, I figured out that singing in front of church wasn't as bad as I thought. Singing has and will always be a joy of mine. I was a novice when I had to accomplish the task of singing in front of my church. I wanted to be as experienced as my aunts and my Mother, whom can sing in front of anybody. My Mother, like Miss Alice, made me realize that God would be by my side, and that the duty would get more easeful over time. Knowledge from that situation grants me experience for present and future predicaments. Christy, after seeing the poverty and hardships of the Appalachian culture tenfold, asked, "Why am I do this?" I also had the same doubtful questions. These questions were all of out of fear about the strangeness of the situation. Like Christy, I had to answer these questions within myself and when I did it opened my views on singing farther than before. After a while, Christy seemed to form a love or passion for what she was doing. She became comfortable and less frightened of the Appalachian culture. My first experience singing in front of my church was terrifying, but every time I sung thereafter I became more and more confident and easeful.

Coral Bleaching: Potential Mechanisms and Observed Adaptations :: Sea Coral Corals Ecosystem Papers

Coral Bleaching: Potential Mechanisms and Observed Adaptations Coral reefs are the most biologically diverse marine ecosystems. Driving this diversity are cnidarian corals which are obligate mutualistic symbioses between coral animals and dinoflagellate algae of the genus symbiodinium. These algae are commonly called zooxanthellae. This symbiosis between heterotrophic hosts and photosynthetic symbionts allows coral to thrive in nutrient poor seas and deposit calcium carbonate to build reefs (Toller et al. 2001, 348). Coral bleaching occurs when there is a loss of zooxanthellae from their coral host. This is accompanied by loss of a coral's normal color that may or may not be detectable to the human eye. Bleaching can lead to coral death when prolonged, although links between bleaching and subsequent coral recovery or death are not well known. Causes of bleaching have been observed to include salinity, exposure to air, and sedimentation. The primary reasons cited to cause most instances of coral bleaching are increased sea temperatures and solar radiation. These two factors have been observed to cause the most damage in combination (Fitt et al. 2001, 51). The two types of bleaching that result from organism damage or disturbance are algal-stress bleaching and animal-stress bleaching. Algal-stress bleaching is characterized by expulsion of individual zooxanthellae from a host cell. Animal-stress bleaching is characterized by host cell detachment, which is expulsion of zooxanthellae from the coral animal along with the host cell they occupy. Radiation and temperature induced animal-stress bleaching and host cell detachment have not been observed in the field at current sea temperatures. This type of bleaching has only been observed under laboratory conditions (Fitt et al. 2001, 55). A third type of bleaching, physiological bleaching, occurs in an unstressed coral-zooxanthellae holobiont as a method of shedding excess zooxanthellae from host cells. Zooxanthellae density within host cells varies seasonally in this manner. Maximum zooxanthellae density is observed to occur during the coolest season with the lowest solar radiation. The minimum density is observed to occur at the end of the warmest season with the highest solar radiation (Fitt et al. 2001, 54). The temperature at which coral bleaching occurs has been observed to be from 30 to 34 degrees Celsius (Ralph et al. 2001, 163). Solar radiation exacerbates bleaching in this temperature range and can also cause bleaching at ‘normal’ temperatures when at sufficient intensity.

Allegory of the Cave Essay

Theme of Freedom, Responsibility & Education in the Allegory of the Cave The myth of the cave is a famous allegory, written by Plato in The Republic. It was written in the form of conversation between Socrates and Glaucon and covers the idea of shadow against light or how far our nature is enlightened or unenlightened. The story tells about the cave in which people live from their childhood, and have their legs and necks chained so that they cannot move, and can only see before them and cannot turn their heads. Behind them is a fire which is blazing in a distance. Between people and the fire there is a roadway where puppeteers are carrying all sorts of figures and statues of animals. Prisoners can only see the shadows of these figures and completely unaware that these are only soulless statues. The idea of the cave symbolizes shadow or what we believe to be real, while the sun represents education, enlightenment and truth. Further Socrates tells that if prisoners are released from th eir chains, than they would probably believe that the shadows are more real than what is really produces them. Or in other words if to show the prisoner the statues which are the initial cause of these shadows, than he or she would not know what they are. For him or her, the shadow will be more real than the actual thing. And if one of the prisoners will go out of the cave, then he or she will not be able to distinguish which world is real and which one is unrealistic. Plato depicts the path of teaching as the route to freedom, as a release from those chains which tie human beings to the play of shadows, as the flight from this land of bondage into a shape in which humanity becomes aware both of his previous state of bondage and of the origin of those shadows to which he was before. The main aim of education is to lead mankind into freedom and the core value of education is supported by freedom. Returning back to the cave, released man will have to decide which world to choose as real. Would he or she be happy in comparison to the other prisoners who have not yet seen outside of the cave. And here Socrates clarifies to Glaucon whether he or she will try to free the rest of people and explain them about the world outside. In this situation every human is free to draw their own selections and apply their  own substance for life; nonetheless, the choices men make are what they believe all human beings to do, causing men to be responsible for their activities. All men have a moral responsibility to their fellows. The escaped prisoner is responsible for passing away back and informing the rest of the captives of what he witnessed. He has to explain to them that the ultimate reality is not the phantoms along the rampart, but what is seen once you’re in the light. He then experiences anguish because the prisoners will not trust him. Every man suffers anxiety they have freedom and at the same time bear great amount of responsibility for all people. Therefore every choice that a man makes should be honest and responsible. Connection of freedom and responsibility with education is crucial in the contemporary world. Allegory of the cave is simplified picture of what happens in our society Most of the modern educational institutions do not support freedom. Students can just like the prisoners be affected by the so-called puppeteers with wrong side of the reality. Process writing â€Å"An unjust law is no law at all† All people have equal right, it does not matter what race you are or how old are you or where you are from. All of us should have equal rights. I think that African-Americans should reach for their aim, aim not to be discriminated and to have equal right. That time they had strong desire to live in peace. Martin Luter King is a leader of African-Americans who struggle for African-Americans freedom. He is the great leader, because he want to reach freedom without violence. He was great thinker, because he did not start disorders in country, he just wanted to make economic withdrawal program. It shows that African-Americans had strong desire to be free, and desire to reach it without violence. Equality is not always justice EqualityJustice Equality as shown in the first picture is when all people get strictly the same things, no matter of their needs and possibilities. Equality in my opinion is not perfect, and does not take into consideration different  possibilities of different social classes which lead to the inequality in the society. What is justice? Justice – is a concept of rightness, which is based on ethics, law, religious and other aspects. In my opinion equality is not always justice. Every class of people should separately get help and benefits from government or administration. This picture above very well helps us to realize that justice and equality are different things. Most of us sometimes mix these two words. I also can give another example: Sometimes different organizations support orphans who need additional help from the society. If to equally treat them they will not get equal to other children, who have parents. This is because they will not be able in the same conditions afford parents immediately. While within the concept of justice, these children should get more benefits from government and different social organizations rather than usual children, who get care and support directly from their parents. La Jetee La Jetee is a science fictional movie filmed by Chris Marker in 1962 in France. Compounded almost from photos, it tells us about post 3rd world war and experiments with time travelling. From French La Jetee is translated runway, which is a place where planes take off. In the movie, people who survived after 3rd world war were living under destroyed Paris, and most of them were imprisoned criminals and prisoners of war. Scientists researched injection which could make humans mind to travel in time. They wanted to rescue the present and ask for help from future and past. They found an experimental who could mentally withstand the shock of time travel. Finally they found him, and he was a prisoner. They sent him to the past the his pre-war childhood where he saw a woman and a mystical murder on the observation platform. After several attempts, he could reach different period of his life. There he built a romantic relationship with the woman on the observation platform in his childhood. After this he was sent to the future, where he meet with the highly developed people of the future. They give him a power unit which is able to recreate his destroyed world. After all these, he returned back to his time, where he was sentenced to death. But the people of the future offer him to go with them; he refuses and asks them to send him to the past to his childhood, to meet his beloved woman, on  the observation platform. Finally, when he goes back to that time, to that platform, where he hopes to meet that woman, he will be killed by a person. He realizes that the murder which he saw as a child, was his own murder. What is common between Antigone and Allegory of the cave? These three works can be connected with three ideas. Idea of freedom, honesty and responsibility In both works we can see theme of freedom. It is freedom of choice. In Plato’s Allegory of the cave prisoner who was released have a choice to be enlightened or unenlightened and another choice to run away or to come back and tell every one the truth. In Sophocle’s work Antigone Kreon have a choice to change his law or to punish everyone who will break a law. The theme of honesty also presents here. Antigone was honesty with her king Kreon and tells him everything what she feels. She was against of king’s law because that law was unjust law. We can say that she was agree with St. Augustine’s phrase â€Å"unjust law is not law at all†. In Plato’s work prisoner was, who was released, honesty with his co-prisoners, he does not run away he come back and tell everything what he see outside of the cave. The last theme of our orientation week is responsibility. Prisoner in Plato’s work come back and tell everyone the truth. He want to show them another side of reality, with this action he shows us his responsibility for others â€Å"the truly free individual is the one who is experiencing guilty for everything around him†. And Antigone also was responsible. She brakes a law and bury his brother with all funerals. My poem about nature Hello, hello, hello, Listen to me dear all, I go to walk With my classmates And then I saw this beautiful vase. I was confused How beautiful it was This vase was huge in size But then I realize That I get behind I run away Back to my classmates It was pretty good To see this vase

The eminence of Candide is connected

Candide, the prognosis of Voltaire accomplished incredible goal and status. Candide achieved heroic tasks.   He always preferred to do ‘the right’, rather easy and enjoyable things. He was not following what everyone prefers to do.Though he liked what his metaphysics teacher Dr. Pangloss preached him; the usual ‘because’, ‘therefore’ ‘so’ explaining discourses. Though, Candide found it difficult to understand.The eminence of Candide is connected with relationship that man holds with his companions. Candide makes us sensitized to insights of human sufferings. He finds in his extensive journeys through Europe, Surinam, and Paraguay that journey with good companions is always reduces the burden of boredom.A hero looks for society in any ongoing public crisis that Candide looks for. A hero is more practical and looks for existential matters and gives less importance to metaphysical matters that Candide does. Candide is compensate, gen tle, discerning, and benevolent.â€Å"Candide† has established that practically everyone is a hero; this is well established more often by the emergence of â€Å"middle class† hero.The hero looks for overcoming dullness vice our work keeps at bay the three great evils: boredom that is dullness, vice, and needs or wants†. Candide the hero like to work for making life tolerable and manageable, not struggle to prove things.Candide passed through the disturbance near Portugal coast, then he got into the earthquake when he reached Lisbon, and was among plague epidemic in Algerian, he was not upset in theses tumultuous sufferings he passed through, a real hero exhibits such heroic courage.Candide choose to get into sufferings rather avoiding them for an easier path. Human beings are overwhelmed by jealousy, desire, greed, worry, concern, and fear than all the tribulations visited upon a citadel under siege, their Personal sorrow is grief harsher compared to the communi ty misery.Candide finds himself into many situations which expect him to be a hero. He is found making advances towards Cunegund and so was thrown out of Thunder-ten-tronckh castle. Then he bumps gets into captivity of Bulgarians, he selects to run gauntlet and then where he requests them to kill him. Only a hero can ask to be killed normal people are afraid of death and would suffer anything to live. Candide showed different attitude to Bulgarians.Candide passes through the misery of worst earthquake in Lisbon, and comes out unshaken of it, a hero. Another heroic action is Candide’s marries Cunegund to respect his promise though he is not interested in marrying her now.But a hero Candide marries Cunegund to respect his commitment.   Candide got threats from the â€Å"Inquisition and Jesuits† to jail him in Paris, Candide remained unruffled. Paris is the City of chaos, where all are searching for happiness that hardly any one finds. Candide has shown qualities of her o that are regarded heroic even today.   

A “Brave New World”-perspective analysis Essay

Imagine Brenda, a woman who will not under any circumstances trade her life in order to be conditioned, and then live as a Beta in the Brave New World (BNW), universe. If this is the case, then Brenda could not consistently accept Hedonism. This is due to the definition of Hedonism, the amount and intensity of bodily pleasure in Brave New World (BNW), and the amount and intensity of bodily pleasure here in real life. The definition of Hedonism leads one to maximize the amount of pleasure and minimize the amount of pain: The only thing intrinsically good in life is pleasure, and the only thing intrinsically bad in life is pain. Other things in life have extrinsic value – they can lead to either pain or pleasure, but do not produce the sensations by themselves. However, Hedonists are only concerned with pleasure and pain, as these are the only intrinsic values. The distinctive factor that determines a better life from a worse one, is the amount of net pleasure in one’s life. The net pleasure is determined by subtracting the amount of pain in one’s life from the amount of pleasure. Notice that Hedonism only determines better lives from worse ones, not good from bad. To make the distinction between good and bad is an arbitrary decision and cannot be measured through a comparable medium such as net pleasure. Quantitative Hedonism states that quantity and intensity are the only criteria that determine just how good a certain pleasure is. If all pleasures differ only in quantity and duration, then the world in BNW is a dream for hedonists. One’s life in BNW is conditioned to be content and happy with one’s, job, class in life, and the daily schedule of life. This schedule for one’s life never changes and so delivers a maximum amount of pleasure due to being happy and content. High pleasure in BNW also comes from the open sexual relations between people. Basically, it is encouraged from childhood to have as many sex partners as possible, therefore maximizing the amount of pleasure from sex. The drug of choice in BNW is called Soma, and it delivers an amazing feeling without any hangover effect like alcohol. This drug is distributed daily at one’s work to maximize one’s amount of body pleasure. With all of these factors enhancing pleasure, it is also important to state that not much causes pain for one’s life in BNW. There are no personal relationships to cause pain, jobs and education are  given specifically for people, and life is very much planned and repetitive. This repetition is what maximizes the amount and duration of pleasure in BNW lives. In real life, there does not exist anything like the above mentioned pleasures, in either quantity or duration. Therefore, when comparing the net pleasure of a life in BNW to a real earthly life, a hedonist finds that BNW lives have a higher net pleasure, and are thus far better. This is because they in BNW have much more intrinsically good pleasure, and much less disappointment and intrinsically bad events. So, if Brenda refuses to trade her life in order to be conditioned and live a BNW life, then she could not consistently accept hedonism because trading her life would give her a higher net pleasure, and by definition , a better life. Brenda still could accept hedonism if she accepted qualitative hedonism, based on Mill’s distinction between ‘higher’ and ‘lower’ pleasures. According to Mill’s, certain pleasures have a distinct higher value than other pleasures. This can be due to a mere preference for one pleasure over another, with the preferred pleasure having more intrinsic value because it is preferred, and thus more net pleasure. This can also be due preferring higher intellectual ‘mind’ pleasures, as opposed to body pleasures like those in BNW. Mill’s distinction goes hand in hand with qualitative hedonism, which adds quality to the criteria distinguishing pleasure (intensity and duration). Higher quality pleasure are generally thought to be intellectual and creative pleasures as compared to bestial pleasures. Intimate relationships can also be thought of as being a higher quality pleasure. It is not substantial, however, that these higher pleasures merely exist – for a hedonist, these higher pleasure must contribute to a higher net pleasure in life in order to be of value. Since there are absolutely no intellectual or intimate pleasures in BNW, the argument could be made that the intellectual and intimate pleasures in real life give higher net pleasure, and thus a better life. This theory also takes into account the pain that may be caused by relationships or by not attaining certain intellectual milestones. However, the argument can be made that the pleasure derived from these higher pleasures far surpasses any pain caused by them and guarantees a higher net pleasure than any life in BNW. If Brenda adopts this method of thinking, then she could both accept hedonism and still not  want to trade her life for a life in BNW. A qualitative hedonist, in order to consistently believe that actual life is better, must claim that the overall net pleasure one receives in real life is more than the net pleasure one receives in the BNW universe. One must claim that experiences in actual life, including but not limited to intellectual and intimate pleasures, produce more net pleasure than a life of bestial pleasures in BNW. This includes all of the pain and hardships experienced in real life, but not in BNW. The argument is that even with all of this pain, the net pleasure is still higher in real life. This is also what Brenda must adhere to if she wishes to not trade her real life for a conditioned BNW life.

Molar Mass of a Solid Essay

Abstract: The purpose of this experiment is to determine the molar mass of an unknown solid. The freezing point of a solvent (Cyclohexane) was determined, and compare to the freezing point of Cyclohexane with the addition of two different concentration of unknown solid. The pure substance of Cyclohexane has defined physical properties. However, when a solute is added these properties are determined by the amount of solute added, also known as colligative properties. The temperature of the freezing point was lowered when the solid was added and it decreased as the concentration of the solid increased. The molality of the solute was determined, which was then used to calculate the molar mass of the solid for both trials. An average of the molar mass of the unknown solid was calculated to be 286.87+1.796g/mol with a %RSD of 0.626%. The purpose of the experiment was to obtain the molar mass of an unknown solid. The molar mass is determined by dissolving the unknown compound into a pure liquid with defined physical properties, in this case Cyclohexane. When dissolving a solute, it forms a homogeneous solution, in which the solvent of the solution physical properties are not longer defined, but depends on the amount of solute added. Whenever a substance is dissolved in a solvent, the vapor pressure decreases. When the vapor pressure decreases, it also lowers the boiling and freezing point of the solvent and increases the osmotic pressure. These four properties are known as the colligative properties, the magnitude of the changes depends on the amount of solute dissolve; the changes are directly proportional to each other. The higher the solute concentration, the higher the changes of vapor pressure, therefore, a lower freezing point. It is hypothesized that the freezing point temperature will decreased, if there is a higher concentration of the solid added to the soution. Vapor pressure is th e  pressure exerted by a vapor when the vapor is in a state of dynamic equilibrium with its liquid. When a nonvolatile solute is dissolves in the solvent, solute molecules occupy a part of the surface area. This allows molecules into the vapor state, lowing the vapor pressure of the solvent. When the vapor pressure lowers, the boiling point elevates, due to the presence of the solute. Solute added to the solvent affects the freezing point, the energy of the solvent lowers to increase the magnitude of the intermolecular forces for the molecules to get together to form a solid. The colligative properties are useful for determining molar masses of unknown nonvolatile solute. At low concentrations of a nonvolatile solute, the freezing–point of depression of a solvent can be determine by Tf = Kf (solvent) -Tf (solution) = Kf m. Changes in freezing point Tf are directly proportional to the molality, m, of the solute in solution (molality, m = mol solute/ kg solvent). The freezing-point constant, Kf for Cyclohexane is 20ËšC †¢ k/mol, which is used to obtain the amount of moles of solute in the solution, which is inversely proportional to the change of freezing point Tf. The molal mass obtained is essential to obtain the molar mass of the unknown solid (solute). The molal mass shows the unknown amount of moles of solute are need it per kilogram of solvent. Acquiring the number of moles of solute and analyzing it with the grams of solute measured in the laboratory obtaining the molar mass of the unknown solute.i The cooling behavior of a solution different from a pure liquid solution when a solute it’s added. Te temperature at which the solution begins to freeze is lower than the pure solvent. The freezing point also lowers when there is a higher concentration of solute added to the solution. The molar mass of unknown solid can be determined by any of the colligative properties, the freezing point is not an exception and by knowing the mass of solute and temperature of the freezing point, the molar mass can be obtained. Discussion: The freezing point depression is a colligative property of solutions, which is based only on the amount of solute added and not the defined chemical and physical properties of the substance. The freezing point of Cyclohexane observed was 4.97ËšC, from the cooling curve (Figure 1). Freezing point values of Trial 1 and Trial 2 were collected, to compared to the freezing point of Cyclohexane and determine he depression of the solute. The unknown solid yielded a freezing depression of 3.64ËšC for trial 1, and 2.84ËšC for trial 2 (Figure 2 & 3). These values were compared to the original mass of unknown solute added to the Cyclohexane and the approximate molar mass of  the unknown solid. The molar mass that was calculated for trial 1 was 288.14-g/mol, while trial 2 was 285.60-g/mol (Table 3). The average of the molar mass was calculated, and the molar mass of the unknown solid observed was approximately 286.87-g/mol. When calculating the standard deviation was obtain only +1.796g/mol when comparing both trials to the mean. The values are apparently close up together, making them highly precise, however, is unknown if the values are accurate, the unknown solid actual molar mass still unknown. The relative standard deviation percent, obtained was 0.626% (Table 3); this measurement expresses precision of the data, the smaller RSD the greater the precision for the average value of the data. The %RSD, is extremely low, making it the results a tremendously precise data of the mean. However, there was a possible error that could have affected the results. The error occurred during recording the cooling temperature of trial 1, the ice melted and the test tube was removed to add more ice into the beaker. Also, while recording the temperature of the Cyclohexane upon addition of unknown solid, the sample was not stir and therefore the value could have probably been invalid. Constant stirring of solution would have assured an even mix of the solute particles and a more accurate freezing point. These small errors could have affected both trials creating a higher observed molar mass value for both trials. Conclusion: The experiment allowed for the determination of freezing point of Cyclohexane based on a logger pro software with calibrated thermometers to be approximately 4.97ËšC (Table 1). Freezing point depression was observed when two trials of different concentration of the unknown solid were added to the Cyclohexane. As the concentration of the unknown solid increased, the freezing point of the solution was also lowered (Table 2). As seen on Figure 4, when placing all three graphs it is visible, when solute is added a lower freezing point is observed. Using experimental measurements, the molar mass of the unknown solid was calculated to be 286.87+1.796g/mol. Based on the relative standard deviation percent (%RSD) of 0.626%, shows a highly precise measurements of unknown solid molar mass when compared to the mean values.